1.認識題目：形式和本質(zhì)，題庫的設(shè)計原則和分類以及測試的語言技能

　　articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively

　　examine claims and accompanying evidence

　　support ideas with relevant reasons and examples

　　sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion

　　control the elements of standard written English

　　1)陳述問題和現(xiàn)象的語言能力

　　2)表達觀點

　　3)對觀點進行支持，否定，綜合評價的語言技能，包括對推理過程和邏輯的分析

　　4)分析現(xiàn)象存在的原因

　　5)表達一件事物或事件的利弊和綜合影響的多元化思維和表達能力

　　6)考生觀點不作為評判依據(jù)，但是提出觀點的視角以及分析問題的能力是語言表達的前提基礎(chǔ)，所以是訓(xùn)練的重點，也是考試測試的重點

　　2.理解宗旨；托福寫作考試的目的——邏輯和論證

　　3.寫作的評分體系

　　作文考試的形式

　　1.閱讀+聽記+寫作 20分鐘 字?jǐn)?shù) 150-225

　　閱讀材料為給定的觀點加上對觀點的支持信息，比如使用事實事例或者邏輯的分析，而聽力內(nèi)容是對閱讀材料進行支持或者否定，否定批駁為主，考生需要把握聽力中話語人對閱讀材料的切入點，以及話語人如何表達懷疑，否定等。作為測試的評分重點在于

　　1)聽力內(nèi)容所有重點信息的全面與否

　　2)閱讀內(nèi)容信息和聽力內(nèi)容的相關(guān)聯(lián)

　　3)語言表達的準(zhǔn)確

　　2.獨立寫作論文 30分鐘 字?jǐn)?shù)最少300單詞

　　獨立寫作的入手方式（閱讀官方指南287頁）

　　1.題目中關(guān)鍵詞語的定義予以質(zhì)疑和分析

　　2.按照命題給定的二分體系論證

　　3.總體抽象的入局

　　4.細節(jié)和個性的處理

　　5.對命題給定的紛爭予以具體界定，提出綜合多元思維

　　The task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might

　　1)agree absolutely with the claim,

　　2)disagree completely,

　　3)or agree with some parts and not others

　　4)question the assumptions the statement seems to be making

　　5)qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue

　　6)point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others

　　7)evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective

　　8)develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example

　　作文的評分體系

　　官方指南288頁閱讀，提出要點

　　1)detailed discussion

　　2)unified

　　3)coherent

　　4)varied sentence structure

　　5)not high-level vocabulary but word choice is correct

　　6)minor errors

　　7)the flow of meanings

　　講解：

　　1.300單詞（大約15-20句子）的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)布局

　　2.何謂on-topic /off-topic

　　3.句子的銜接技術(shù)和藝術(shù)

　　4.句法結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和復(fù)雜程度

　　5.小詞的理念 （OG280頁173題 借錢和友誼——如何使用高中詞匯寫出滿分作文？）

　　6.思維的藝術(shù)和美的探索

　　什么是完美的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)布局？

　　Introduction 導(dǎo)入段落的功能和內(nèi)容

　　得分印象形成的關(guān)鍵

　　常見的錯誤（現(xiàn)場寫作269頁第29題：人類活動和地球爭論）

　　應(yīng)該寫什么內(nèi)容？

　　多少句子，多少單詞？(1-3個句子，字?jǐn)?shù)在30-80左右)

　　常用的容易掌握的寫作開頭方式學(xué)習(xí)：

　　1)問題 + 觀點

　　2)觀點

　　3)正反觀點+選擇

　　4)現(xiàn)象+問題+觀點

　　5)觀點+ 反駁

　　6)觀點+ 支持

　　main body

　　2-4段落

　　每段字?jǐn)?shù)和句子數(shù)量 100-150 單詞左右，大概5-8個句子

　　段落的節(jié)本結(jié)構(gòu)：三層次理論

　　段落內(nèi)部的銜接技術(shù)

　　段落的總分結(jié)構(gòu)體系

　　段落內(nèi)部的句法轉(zhuǎn)變

　　詞的選擇

　　段落寫作學(xué)習(xí)的方法：

　　conclusion

　　1-3個句子

　　寫作訓(xùn)練的基本方法：

　　1.上我的課

　　2. 翻譯

　　3.背誦

　　4.寫日記

　　開頭例文：

　　地球也許并不是為了人類生存才存在并且也許它原本不是今天這個樣子的。人類在地球迄今為止上的所有活動無不對地球的健康產(chǎn)生了影響。至于這些影響到底是使地球變得更適于生存還是對地球造成了破壞則是一個永恒無法絕對回答的爭議。

　　The earth perhaps does not exist for human beings to survive and thrive on it and it was, surely, not what it is today. （24words） All human activities on the earth have changed the landscape and exerted impacts on the health of the earth. Have the human activities harmed the earth? Or have the earth has changed a better place to live? The answers to these questions will vary considerably as time goes on and on.

　　總計75 words， 如果去掉首句24單詞，文章開頭依然成立，并且不失分。則構(gòu)成典型的

　?。ìF(xiàn)象+ 問題 + 觀點）開頭風(fēng)格。 文章中作者的觀點非常明確，屬于典型的中立寫作布局開。

　　280頁173道題目：借錢和友誼的論證

　　小詞的價值

　　To borrow money from a friend has little to do with the maintenance of friendship because friendship depends less on money than on the love, honesty, and understanding between them. That is to say to borrow money will make the friendship stronger and closer if they love and understand each other. In this case, friendship will go on and on and on. However, without the love and mutual understanding friendship will be one day gone with the wind. Therefore it is clear that love and understanding is the very basis (foundation) of friendship which has been (figuratively) described as the light on the earth and the salt in the world. Money, on the contrary, is no.

　　段落內(nèi)部的銜接分析 下文選自大英百科

　　Social resources are similarly an indispensable prerequisite to a successful innovation. Many inventions have foundered because the social resources vital for their realization—the capital, materials, and skilled personnel—were not available. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci are full of ideas for helicopters, submarines, and airplanes, but few of these reached even the model stage because resources of one sort or another were lacking. The resource of capital involves the existence of surplus productivity and an organization capable of directing the available wealth into channels in which the inventor can use it. The resource of materials involves the availability of appropriate metallurgical, ceramic, plastic, or textile substances that can perform whatever functions a new invention requires of them. The resource of skilled personnel implies the presence of technicians capable of constructing new artifacts and devising novel processes. A society, in short, has to be well primed with suitable resources in order to sustain technological innovation

　　段落的學(xué)習(xí)：翻譯練習(xí) 作業(yè)下文選自大英百科

　　OG273頁81題 關(guān)于人和技術(shù)

　　The technological dilemma

　　二分法思維訓(xùn)練 on the one hand…on the other hand

　　正反訓(xùn)練rather

　　因果關(guān)系 and so…

　　Whatever the responses to modern technology, there can be no doubt that it presents contemporary society with a number of immediate problems that take the form of a traditional choice of evils, so that it is appropriate to regard them as constituting a “technological dilemma.” This is the dilemma between, on the one hand, the overdependence of life in the advanced industrial countries on technology, and, on the other hand, the threat that technology will destroy the quality of life in modern society and even endanger society itself. Technology thus confronts Western civilization with the need to make a decision, or rather, a series of decisions, about how to use the enormous power available to society constructively rather than destructively. The need to control the development of technology, and so to resolve the dilemma, by regulating its application to creative social objectives, makes it ever more necessary to define these objectives while the problems