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英語重形合,漢語重意合
英語是一種非常講究語法的語言,而語法關(guān)系則通過一定的外顯形態(tài)標(biāo)記來表現(xiàn);而中文則不用形態(tài)變化,靠詞序、虛詞、上下文關(guān)系等來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。正如王力先生在《中國語法理論》“歐化的語法”一章中說:中國話里多用意合法,聯(lián)結(jié)成分并非必須;西文多用形合法,聯(lián)結(jié)成分在大多數(shù)情況下是必不可少的。” 如:
他正在看這本書。He is reading this book.
他已經(jīng)看了這本書。He has read this book.
這個例子比較簡單,很多同學(xué)對此已經(jīng)比較熟悉了,但是在寫作中卻經(jīng)常有同學(xué)在這些方面錯誤不斷。
在漢語里,句子和句子之間通過內(nèi)在的意義而非形式的邏輯關(guān)系來連接,因此常常省略連詞、代詞等成分。如:
要大力弘揚(yáng)新時代的雷鋒精神!
發(fā)展體育運(yùn)動,增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)!
因此我們可以看出,在漢語中,連接手段是非必須的,人們完全可以通過全句整體來判斷出詞語前后隱含的關(guān)系。而在英文中,這種隱含的關(guān)系必須被“顯性”化。如:
他買了臺電腦,花了六千塊。
就絕對不能寫成:He bought a computer, spent 6000 yuan.
而必須寫成:He bought a computer which cost him 6000 yuan.或 He spent 6000 yuan on a computer.
他今天沒來,媽媽住院了。
就不能寫成:He is absent today, mother is ill.
而要寫成:He is absent today because his mother is hospitalized.
這種只求“意思”不講“形式”的句子在漢語里比比皆是,如:
我們換個地方,教室正在上課呢!
現(xiàn)在很餓了,我們?nèi)コ允程?
十塊錢一下子就花光了!
如果不考慮英漢的差別,直接按照中文思維寫出:We change a place,the classroom is having a class./ Now is hungry, we go to eat the dining hall./Ten yuan spends finished. 之類則要鬧出大笑話來。
英語前重心,漢語后重心
先來看一個例子,一封來自學(xué)員的E-mail:
Dear Kevin,
Though I know you are busy, will you give me some minutes, I had to go to work as long as I finished the class today, so I am off duty until now because the problem of double roles made me so boring and tired ,I work in a hospital and it is also teaching hospital ,and I will be a player to attend teaching competition,too much things I have to face and even these days I had to stay up all night. will you do me a favour that tell me how to balance the problem between work and study?Latter I will email the homework to you which you gave me this afternoon .
yours truly
XXX
這是一封非常典型的中式思維的信件。中式的思維是按照自然順序展開論述,如:按照時間先后,先說先發(fā)生的,后說后發(fā)生的;按照邏輯關(guān)系,則按照事物發(fā)展的先后邏輯順序展開,先說前提、原因、條件、方式、手段等,后說結(jié)果。而英文則按照重點(diǎn)順序展開論述,把重要的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、結(jié)論等交代清楚,開門見山,然后再展開敘述次要信息,如理由、條件、事實(shí)、例證等等。即:英文將語意的中心要放在前面,然后娓娓道來,分解敘事。了解這一點(diǎn),對于同學(xué)們展開雅思作文的段落非常有用。
回過頭來看這封E-mail,如果一個外國人看到,肯定一頭霧水,因?yàn)樗恢滥氵@封信的重點(diǎn)是什么,因?yàn)樾偶拈_頭大段講述個人的情況、經(jīng)歷等等,而直到最后才提出問題。如果按照英語的思維,應(yīng)該開門見山的向收信人提出問題,然后再展開細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行敘述。
1. 英文先結(jié)果,后原因。
因?yàn)槲覑鬯皇呛匏?,所以我才會批評他。
I criticized him, not because I hate him but because I love him.
也許校園生活并非總像想象中的那樣,所以很多學(xué)生才會感到失落。
Many students feel lost because campus life is not always what they imagined.
2. 英文先結(jié)論,后敘事
經(jīng)過多年的努力,我們終于解決了這個難題。
We have solved the problem after many years’ hard work.
3. 英語先表態(tài),后敘事
是什么導(dǎo)致了人的犯罪,我們還不能確定。
We are still not sure what causes people to commit a crime
死記硬背有很多的局限性,這一點(diǎn)我們必須承認(rèn)。
We should admit that rote learning has a number of limitations.
英語多替換,漢語多重復(fù)
由于英文重形合,所以通過各種形合手段將比較大量的信息連接在一個句子里,聯(lián)系緊密,邏輯分明。這種情況下,其代詞所指往往比較明確而不易混淆,因此,為了避免單調(diào)乏味,英文句子常常采用替換、省略等方式來變換同一個詞的表達(dá)。而中文則相反,由于漢語主要考意合,考隱含的邏輯貫穿全句,因此為了保持句子的“形散神不散”,就需要通過重復(fù)的手段來增強(qiáng)凝聚力,保持讀者的注意力。所以,漢語往往不使用同義詞等替代手段,因?yàn)槟菢訒沟镁Ψ稚?。如,用代詞替代:
他討厭失敗,他一生曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗,超越失敗,并且蔑視別人的失敗。
He hated failure, he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.
而不會寫成:
He hated failure, he had conquered the failure all his life, risen above the failure, despised the failure in others.
再看一個用同義詞替換的例子:
低分版本:
Think about this situation. A student interviewed another student and many students about what it is like to be an only child. If the teachers in charge of the school paper did not edit names of students from the paper or facts that would give that particular student away to other students, then serious problems could be caused for the students who gave their information.
改進(jìn)版:
Think about this situation. A reporter interviewed many students about what it is like to be an only child. If the teachers in charge of the school paper did not edit names of the interviewees from the paper or facts that would give each person away to the readers, then serious problems could be caused for the students who gave their information.
第一個低分版本里面用了大量重復(fù)的單詞“student”,非??菰锓ξ?,而改進(jìn)版將“student”用了“reporter”、“the interviewees”、“each person”、“readers”等詞來替代,句子用詞富于變化,自然生動得多了。因此,在平時的雅思學(xué)習(xí)過程中,要注意積累同義詞、反義詞的積累,這樣才能在寫作中游刃有余,取得高分。
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