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朗閣海外考試研究中心
雅思閱讀考試中,要求考生的不只是上千上萬的詞匯量,同時(shí)還有速度。如何能夠在1個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi),高效率的完成40個(gè)問題,就得需要考生們對(duì)問題答案所在位置的快速精準(zhǔn)定位。本文中,朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將以劍橋雅思4中的幾篇文章為例,給考生們講解快速定位法。
段落定位要求考生在拿到一篇文章后,首先要對(duì)文章進(jìn)行略讀,讀文章標(biāo)題,每個(gè)段落的首尾句,掌握文章的大意,了解每段在講什么,有助于下一步看問題的時(shí)候可以先確定這個(gè)問題的段落位置。
詞匯定位要求考生在對(duì)文章略讀后,看問題,并劃出定位詞。定位詞在之前《雅思閱讀之定位》一文中已經(jīng)討論過,主要是一些名詞。結(jié)合對(duì)每段意思的掌握,確定好問題的段落位置后,再通過劃出的問題中的定位詞在段落中定位答案的最后位置。
我們以劍橋4 Test1 Passage2進(jìn)行演練:
1. 略讀題目和段落
Title: What do whales feel?
An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises.
從對(duì)標(biāo)題的閱讀中,我們可以了解到這篇文章要講的是鯨的感官,the senses of whales. 在這里我們可以預(yù)測(cè)下感官有哪些,同時(shí)可以對(duì)下面文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
Paragraph1:
Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans for fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.
從首句的主干中得出一些感官在退化,消失或者在水中已失去了功用。緊跟在這句話后面的是個(gè)for example, 說明后面再舉些這類型的感官。最后一句以similarly開頭,說明即使最后一句也是一個(gè)例子,然后是個(gè)名詞taste buds, 說到了味覺,用了degenerated, rudimentary描述這個(gè)味覺,rudimentary大多數(shù)考生不認(rèn)識(shí),但degenerated可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推出是退化。
Paragraph2:
The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.
首句一看就知道這段是講觸覺,touch, 并且發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)but轉(zhuǎn)折,在轉(zhuǎn)折前說觸覺有時(shí)被描述為很弱的,轉(zhuǎn)折后說這是錯(cuò)誤的,表明這段后面要具體證明這一觀點(diǎn)。最后一句也是在具體講解觸覺這個(gè)感官。
Paragraph3:
The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater-specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii-have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts and field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.
讀首句就可看出這段講的是視覺。最后一句提到了baleen whales的眼睛位置限制了它們的視覺域,they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.
Paragraph4:
On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.
首句有on the other hand表轉(zhuǎn)折,說明要和上段有聯(lián)系,接著往后看又說到了眼睛的位置,這次說的是most dolphins and porpoises, they are not like the baleen whales, they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward.
Paragraph5:
Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.
首句一讀的話會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)重要的詞匯habitats. 在這句之后又有了for example, 同時(shí)看到了vision, 說明這段講vision和habitats的關(guān)系。
Paragraph6:
Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species(though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.
首句是although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語,講到taste, smell and vision都變?nèi)趿?,但卻被acoustic sense所彌補(bǔ)了。關(guān)鍵還得了解acoustic的意思,這個(gè)詞的意思可以通過考生自己對(duì)感官的常識(shí),聯(lián)系前面已經(jīng)談到的感官進(jìn)行排除猜測(cè)得出聽覺。
2. 問題中劃關(guān)鍵詞
對(duì)文章的大意和每個(gè)段落的大意了解后,接著看問題,Questions15-21.
這是個(gè)表格,首先看到字?jǐn)?shù)限制:不超過三個(gè)單詞。
然后看這個(gè)表格,有四列,分別是:sense, species, ability and comments.
SENCE |
SPECIES |
ABILITY |
COMMENTS |
Smell |
Toothed |
no |
Evidence from brain structure |
Baleen |
Not certain |
Related brain structures are present |
|
Taste |
Some types |
Poor |
Nerves linked to their----15-----are underdeveloped |
看到sense, 分為了smell, taste, touch, vision and hearing, 正好對(duì)應(yīng)了文章的幾個(gè)段落。Question15對(duì)應(yīng)taste, 是文章的第一段,然后通過劃出問題中的定位名詞nerves去第一段定位,找到最后一句,對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)問題中的underdeveloped和文章中的degenerated是同義的,因此這里填taste buds.
Vision |
16 |
Yes |
Probably do not have stereoscopic vision |
Dolphins, Porpoises |
Yes |
Probably have stereoscopic vision ----17---and ------- |
|
----18--- |
Yes |
Probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward |
|
Bottlenose dolphin |
Yes |
Exceptional in ---19---and good in air-water interface |
|
Boutu and beiji |
Poor |
Have limited vision |
|
Indian susu |
no |
Probably only sense direction and intensity of light |
Question16-19對(duì)應(yīng)vision, 文中第三,四,五段講解vision。然后Question16是species,預(yù)測(cè)是動(dòng)物,劃出定位詞stereoscopic vision. Question17劃出定位詞dolphins, porpoises, stereoscopic vision, Question18同樣預(yù)測(cè)是填入動(dòng)物類型的詞,定位詞stereoscopic vision forward and upward. Question19劃出定位詞bottlenose dolphin, air-water interface, 去文章中的這三段定位,找答案。
Hearing |
Most large baleen |
yes |
Usually use-----; Repertoire limited |
----21----whales and ----whales |
yes |
Song-like |
|
toothed |
yes |
Use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire |
Question20, 21對(duì)應(yīng)hearing, 文中最后一段講解聽覺,這兩題先大致定位到最后兩段,Question20再通過定位詞most large baleen, repertoire limited定位,Question21通過song-like定位。
3. 總結(jié)
本文主要是幫助考生們快速高效的找到問題的答案所在,首先對(duì)文章大意和各個(gè)段落大意有所了解,然后通過閱讀問題,確定問題所在的段落位置,接著劃出問題中的定位詞,通過定位詞確定答案在相應(yīng)段落中的位置。同時(shí),朗閣海外考試研究中心建議考生們可以用這種略讀的方法多閱讀些報(bào)刊雜志,比如:New Scientist, The Economist, National Geographic等。
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