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在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試中,是一個(gè)需要處處小心的考項(xiàng)。因?yàn)橛捎谥形鞣剿季S方式的差異,很可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)中式英語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象。尤其是在雅思這種比較重要的考試中,隨口一句Chinglish就有可能讓你過去幾個(gè)月的備考成效化為虛無(wú)。下面是幾個(gè)中西方的思維差異點(diǎn),希望對(duì)考生有所幫助。
一、倫理型思維與認(rèn)知型思維
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)思維方式的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn),可以稱為倫理型。而西方人更偏向于認(rèn)知型思維。讓我們來(lái)看一道2014年雅思口語(yǔ)Part 2新話題Describe a subject that you want to give information to others,描述一個(gè)你想告訴別人信息的科目。
Describe a subject that you want to give information to others. You should say: what the subject is when people ask you information about the subject what you would say and explain how you feel after people ask you information about the subject. |
在眾多科目中,有一個(gè)科目很明顯地體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)倫理型思維與西方認(rèn)知型思維的差異,那就是天文學(xué)。這個(gè)科目在中國(guó)并不十分流行,但在西方卻是一個(gè)很熱門的科目,不少高中把它設(shè)為必修,也有不少生把它作為專業(yè)在里研究,這充分體現(xiàn)了西方人注重科學(xué)的態(tài)度。
Ronen Plesser是杜克物理和數(shù)學(xué)系的副教授。他于1991年在哈佛獲得物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位,曾在在耶魯、高等研究以及以色列魏茲曼科任職,直到1997年他加入杜克。他的研究領(lǐng)域主要在于弦理論和粒子物理學(xué)背景下幾何學(xué)與物理學(xué)的相互作用。2002年至今,他都在杜克教授天文學(xué)的入門課程。讓我們來(lái)看看他是如何向提供自己所教授的這門學(xué)科的信息吧:
“Hi, my name’s Roen Plesser, I’m from Duke University. And I want to talk to you about an astronomy course that I’ll be teaching online soon. I’ve been teaching a class similar to this at Duke for 10 years, and I’m excited about the opportunity to offer it to many more students through this online video. I like teaching astronomy despite the fact that I’m not professionally an astronomer, because astronomy give us an opportunity at the same time to discuss aspects of the university that we see every day—what stars are visible in the evening sky, why there are rainbows when it rains and why the moon changes shape in the sky. At the same time, it gives an opportunity to talk about aspects of physics that are not immediately obvious to us every day. Quantum mechanics, Einstein’s theory of relativity will all make an appearance and will be applied to understand the things that we have to talk about. So in teaching this class, we get to take a romp through physics, starting with things we see around us every day and culminating in things that we don’t understand yet. The beautiful thing, the glorious thing about astronomy is that the laws of physics that governs what happens in stars that might be a billion galaxies far away and long time ago are exactly the same laws that apply to our life here on earth. So understanding one, we understand the other. These laws are mathematical and they’re precise. And the understanding to which I refer is a very technical term. I say I understand something when I can make a calculation based on some principles. I can make a measurement and the two numbers the one I computed and the one I measured actually agree. This is the kind of understanding that we are going to try to achieve for as much of the universe as we can. Achieving this kind understanding is not an easy task. It’ll take some work, but it’s, I find, one of the most gratifying things that we can do. So if you have some time and some energy and you want to invest in having a completely mind-blowing new way to look at the universe around you, you’re invited to join us for this adventure. And I hope to see you in a few months.”
這道口語(yǔ)話題并沒有硬性規(guī)定考生描述的科目,但仍建議考生可以從西方人認(rèn)知型的思維角度出發(fā),投其所好,多描述一些與科學(xué)有關(guān)的學(xué)科,以拉近與考官的距離,同時(shí)也更易于考官理解考生表述的內(nèi)容。
二、歸納型思維與演繹型思維
廈門連淑能教授曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過:“中國(guó)人善于將一本書歸納成一句話,西方人善于將一句話演繹成一本書”。這話可謂一語(yǔ)中的。中國(guó)人最擅長(zhǎng)“圣言式”、“語(yǔ)錄式”、“格言體”的歸納,最典型的例子便是中醫(yī)將其龐大的理論歸納為“望聞問切”。同樣的歸納還體現(xiàn)在北魏賈思勰的農(nóng)業(yè)名著《齊民要術(shù)》、北宋沈括的科技名著《夢(mèng)溪筆談》、明朝李時(shí)珍的藥學(xué)名著《本草綱目》以及明朝宋應(yīng)星的農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)技術(shù)名著《天工開物》等等。而西方的思維方式傾向于演繹。古希臘哲學(xué)家亞里士多德便十分強(qiáng)調(diào)演繹法,其后的笛卡兒、萊布尼茲為代表的理性主義派也非常重視演繹法。
讓我們通過一道2014年雅思口語(yǔ)Part 2最新話題,來(lái)進(jìn)一步分析一下中國(guó)歸納型思維和西方演繹型思維的差異。
Describe an event that changed your life in a good/positive way. You should say: when it happened where it happened what the change was and explain how you have benefited from this change. |
一說(shuō)到改變自己的事情,中國(guó)考生大多想到一些非常重大的事件,如出國(guó)留學(xué)、進(jìn)入了理想的、克服困難取得了成功等等。從這些大方面入手,進(jìn)而談到這些事對(duì)自己各方面的改變,這就是歸納型的思維方式。而西方人在談?wù)摳淖冏约旱氖录r(shí),則很可能會(huì)談?wù)摵苄〉囊患?,即生命中很渺小的一個(gè)點(diǎn),進(jìn)而擴(kuò)大到對(duì)自己整體的改變,這就是演繹型思維。一個(gè)很好的例子,便是史蒂夫·喬布斯2005年在斯坦福畢業(yè)典禮上的演講,其中他談到了改變自己的一件事,那就是學(xué)習(xí)書法。
“Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.”
通過這段演講我們可以看到,喬布斯把學(xué)習(xí)書法這件事看成生命中重要的一個(gè)點(diǎn),并在日后把這個(gè)點(diǎn)和不同的點(diǎn)結(jié)合在一起,形成一個(gè)面,一個(gè)屬于他自己的科技網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這種由點(diǎn)及面的敘事方式,值得各位考生學(xué)習(xí)并模仿。
以上分別從倫理型思維與認(rèn)知型思維、歸納型思維與演繹型思維的差異入手,著重分析了2014年雅思口語(yǔ)Part 2最新話題,希望能幫助各位考生用合適的思維方式思考雅思口語(yǔ)話題,并靈活運(yùn)用到其它話題當(dāng)中,取得口語(yǔ)高分。